Very briefly, since the question was just: When are produced in the Magento-line translations, these core_translate stored directly in the database in the table. Here can then be adjusted (or probably (!) also deleted, to then translate the translate.csv)
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For me, unfortunately, he does not save the translations, missing since the rights? (community 1.7)
Ansich it should not be because, since it is possible to use inline translation. You may be missing a set hook?
But I would always advise against it inline to make translations and if at all possible to use the translate.csv. This can be adapted immediately and undo quickly and variable.